我们注意到托福官方评分标准中语法部分强调两点∶展示syntactic variety(句法的多样性)和errors(错误)越少越好。

　　当然，提升语法的正确性是考生的首要任务。但要取得高分，就一定要展示语法多样性。

　　于是很多学生就会理解成，要多写复合句(从句)，似乎越多越好，越长越好。

　　其实不然，考官要看的，是考生能不能恰当、地道地运用不同的从句。

　　

　　什么是复合句?

　　从结构上说，句子分为三类∶

　　1.简单句 (Simple Sentences)——句子成分都由单词或短语担任，且只有一个主谓结构。

　　例∶ I love you.

　　2.并列句(Compound Sentences)——句子成分都由单词或短语担任，但有两个或更多的互不依从的主谓结构。

　　例∶ I lover you, and you love me.

　　3.复合句 (Complex Sentences)———从句担任句子成分。

　　例：I believe that you love me.(从句担任该句宾语)

　　中国考生熟悉的从句是宾语从句(I think that…)、状语从句(If/because…)和定语从句(… people who..)。

　　不熟悉的从句是主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

 

　　快速学习六种复合句

　　宾语从句

　　下面例句中∶第 一句大家都会写;第二句包含两个从句;第三句是介词后的宾语从句，会写的考生不多，要重点学习。

　　· Many people believe that we have developed into a"throw-away society".

　　· While there are both benefits and drawbacks to a multicultural society,it is safe to say that the prosoutweigh the cons.(while 引导状语从句，that 引导宾语从句)

　　· Traditionally, the approach has been to punish criminals by placing them in prisons to pay for what they have done.(what 引导宾语从句，作为介词 for 的宾语)

　　状语从句

　　状语从句花样很多，除了人人都会的 because 以外，还要求大家复习两种∶if引导的条件状语从句和 while (虽然、尽管)引导的让步状语从句。

　　1. If

　　· If a student wants to learn aboutjob-specific information,they don't need to sit in a classroom to get it.(有时可用when,once代替)

　　· If a person loses a job but can get assistance,or a minority still has an equal opportunity of success, then we can say this country is advanced.

　　· Many medications and procedures currently in use would not exist if animal testing was banned.(当表示可能性很小或想象中的事情时，用虚拟语气)

　　2. While

　　· While people traditionally prioritize caring,sharing and generosity in life and work,modern people seem to be more self-absorbing and self-concerned.

　　· While the economic development has made our life more comfortable, it has also polarized the society in the distribution of wealth.

　　· Whie traditional buildings might look nice from the outside，they are often not very user-friendly.(有时可用 although 代替)

　　定语从句

　　复习三种就行。

　　1. who 引导，修饰"人"Those who…，……的人……Students who…，……的学生……Children who…，……的孩子…….

　　· Those who feel that sports stars' salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few.

　　· Students without teachers will surely be lost; but students who simply rely on teachers for knowledge aren't really learning.

　　· Chidren who enter school at an early age are generlly more confident and independen than children who stay at home with their parents.

　　2. that 引导，修饰"物"

　　· Likewise,economics is a findamental discpline that allows societies to be stable and move forwar.

　　· The workload that could take months to finish by manual labor could be done flawlessly by robots in minutes.

　　· How to handle criminals is a problem(that)all countries and societies face.(that 在定语从句中作宾语，可省)

　　· Advertisement is an effective marketing tool(that)almost every company uses.(同上)

　　3. 逗号后加 which 引导，修饰前面的整个句子 (非限制性定语从句)

　　· If fuel prices go up,either fewer people will drive or people will drive less,which makes sense for reducing pollution.

　　· Demand for various commodities creates a huge market for the local and international businesses,which in turn increases demand for the labor market.

　　· Governments should develop and launch a good traffic control system, which can monitor and facilitate traffic flows on major roads for better and safer road usage,reducing the chances of acidents.

　　主语从句

　　用that或wh-词引导的从句作为主句的主语名词。

　　在写作中我们只需要会写下面3个主语从句∶(下划线部分为句子主语)

　　1. Whether 引导的主语从句

　　· Whether mobile phones bring more harm than good to us has caused heated debate.

　　· Whether the increase of fuel price can solve the world's environmental problem is a controversial issue.

　　· Whether universities should provide students with practical skills or academic knowledge is a controversial issue.

　　2. 先行词 it 开始的主语从句

　　· It is obvious that we are living in an information age.(该句是 That we are living in an information age is obvious. 的变形。)

　　· It is obvious that investing in education is investing in one's future.

　　· It is obvious that human activities have the greatest impact on environment.

　　3. 在文章中辩论时，要强调自己观点的正确性并同时驳斥反方观点，我们有一种强大的句型武器∶what 引导的主语从句 + not… but…. 搭配。

　　· What governments should do is to create policies to encourage low carbon development.

　　· What most companies and workforces need are not robots, but creative people who can contribute ideas.

　　· What the poor countries need most is not money,but advanced technologies and talents in some key areas.

　　同位语从句

　　同位语从句实际上是 that 前面那个名词的解释或具体内容。that在这里相当于破折号(——)的作用。

　　· Nowadays,an increasing number of people are concerned about the phenomenon that our kids are spending more time watching TV.(第 一段第 一句用到)

　　· I agree with the view that not only governments but every single citizen should do one's part to fix this problem.(第 一段最后一句用到)

　　· The fact that we have different languages demonstrates that we have different cultures.

　　表语从句

　　背诵下面三个句子中加粗的黑体部分就行。

　　· This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life.

　　· This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes.

　　· Another reason for this is that old buildings, like native language,form a cultural identity and keep a unique record of a country.